The Seebeck Effect A German physician turned physicist named Thomas Johann Seebeck took two different metals, with one at a higher temperature than the other, and made a series circuit by joining them together to form a junction. He found that by doing so he was able to generate an electromotive force (emf). Emfs are voltages. Seebeck found that the larger the temperature differences between the metals, the higher the generated voltage, regardless of their shapes. His discovery is called the Seebeck effect, and it is the basis of all thermocouples. Background Seebeck, H.G. Magnus, and A.C. Becquerel proposed the empirical rules of thermoelectric circuits. Lord Kelvin explained their thermodynamic basis, and W.F. Roesser compiled them into a set of three fundamental laws. They have all been verified experimentally. The second law is sometimes broken up into three parts by modern day researchers, to give a total number of five, but Roesser's are still the standar
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